出国考试的考生有时会面临一个问题,就是“SAT/ACT题目做完了,老师,该怎么办?”如果你也有这样的问题,或者曾经面对过学生这样的提问,那么本文对你或许有点参考价值,与大家分享SAT/ACT课外阅读材料的选取。
众所周知,无论是ACT,还是新SAT,考生能够拿到的官方题目都并不是很多。如果学生比较认真,每周刷上3~4套以上试题,很快材料也就用完了。面对这样的困局,通常的做法是再刷一篇。没错,这种做法有它的合理性。并且,在教师的合理引导下,也能从新的、更高的角度启发学生重新反思、消化教师教授的知识和技能。学生可以思考:之前的阅读方式是否可以改进、文章出题点是否能在阅读文章时就预测出来、哪些文章或题目是相同或相近的、什么类型错误是自己容易犯的。但不能否认,这种重新刷题和反思的过程也不会持续太久,那如何帮助学生在OG和真题之外增加有效的训练材料呢?
通过这次的HMH公司(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,世界上最大的Pre-K-12教育课程组织者和供应商)的培训,作者肯定了自己在教学中广泛使用课外材料辅助教学的行为,也得到了很好的测量材料合适与否的工具,从而确保补充材料的有效性。
根据HMH公司分享的培训内容,教学人员应该从以下三个维度去测量所选材料:
Qualitative Measure(定性性测量),Quantitative Measure(定量性测量)以及Reader and Task(读者与任务)。
一、Qualitative Measure(定性性测量)
又可以具体分解为若干测量指标,分别从7个不同维度分别测量。这些指标的测量还是具有比较大的主观性,需要授课教师对于这些测量指标做仔细地研读,并多比照不同文章才能准确测量。研讨会现场对于同一篇文章,各位老师们就会在1~4分的测量分值区间内有1分左右的争执。但总体而言,HMH公司分享的这个定性测量的手段确实是有比较大的作用,为文章难度的选取提供了相对客观、可执行的手段和工具。
而且,从一个多年从事出国留学教育的教师的视角来看,语义层次、文章结构、语言清晰度等等测算角度能够比较直观、准确地从定性的角度测量出文章难易程度。
二、Quantitative Measure(定量性测量)
这是出国留学教师们比较熟悉的测算方式了,无论是在SAT中,还是在ACT中都是比较经常使用的。包含有:word length, word frequency, word difficulty, sentence length, text length以及 text cohesion。这些指标可以利用测算工具计算得出具体数值。感兴趣的朋友们可以在网上搜索Lexile,便能看到相关的信息。美国的中学教学中是比较注重文章难度的适宜性的,因此针对不同年级也规定了不同的测算区间值。具体大家可以见下图:
Text Complexity Grade Band |
Previous Lexile Ranges |
Lexile Ranges Aligned to CCR Expectations |
K-1 |
N/A |
N/A |
2-3 |
450L-725L |
420L-820L |
4-5 |
645L-845L |
740L-1010L |
6-8 |
860L-1010L |
925L-1185L |
9-10 |
960L-1115L |
1050L-1335L |
11-College and Career Readiness |
1070L-1220L |
1185L-1385L |
武汉新东方根据集团统一教学课程安排,在SAT/ACT素质能力阶段所使用的阅读部分Collections教材(HMH公司出版)就是严格按照这套评测系统做的材料选取,极为有利于学生相对长期的提升与成长。
课下,教师也可以在Lexile网站上检索一下自己平时推荐的课外读物难度是否合适。
三、Reader and Task(读者与任务)
对于读者与任务关联性的问题也非常重要,操作不好,就有可能使得学生无兴趣或无法理解文章内容,或者阅读材料与授课目标脱节。作为教师,务必要保证选取材料能够为学生所接受。如果材料与学生生活相去甚远,确实难以理解,老师还应该尽可能补充相关知识,或者选取题材相近、观点相关的文章给学生补充阅读,并同时训练与考试相关的阅读技能。
在评测读者与任务这项指标时,HMH公司分享的checklist如下:
Use this checklist to assess students' connection to the text.
□ Will my students be interested in the topic?
□ Do my students know a lot about the topic?
□ Is the content relevant to my students' lives?
□ What is the purpose for reading the text?
□ What do I want students to do with the text?
这个checklist确实不错,但在落地中国的时候可以针对中国学生实际考情有所调整。比如,兴趣性不必特别考虑,要考,则学生自然不敢轻视。但与学生生活距离遥远的内容,最好能够在课外阅读中有所扩展,保证学生对于常见考试相关题材不会有太强的陌生感。陌生感和距离感确实在考试时候会影响考生的理解和心态。试想,如果考到中国人移民美国的文章,字里行间流露出的共同的文化背景自然会让中国考生心有戚戚;但如果是关于印度音乐的文章,考生产生陌生和不适也就正常了。在考场,这种不适感就会转化为更多的阅读时间、更频繁的回读,甚至是理解的偏差,用考生仅有的认知去覆盖掉原文中陌生的信息或文化内容。
当然,作者认为最最重要的在于:教师务要明确,希望通过选取的材料给学生传达什么信息、培养什么技能、将文章挖掘到何种深度。这些直接决定了选取材料的成功于否。下面以ACT中一篇考过的试题为例,做一点抛砖引玉的分享:
请大家看到ACT, 66C, 社科文章: 摘自“Rethinking Neanderthals”
教学关注点1: 过去-现在对比(常见考点)。
对应考题:11题(“The passage indicates that contrary to the European anthropologists who first studied Neanderthals, scientists today believe Neanderthals were: ”)
对应原文中第一段内容:
Neanderthals, traditionally designated Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, were not only “human” but also, it turns out, more “modern” than scientists previously allowed. “In the minds of the European anthropologists who first studied them, Neanderthals were the embodiment of primitive humans, subhumans if you will,” says Fred H. Smith, a physical anthropologist at Loyola University in Chicago who has been studying Neanderthal DNA. “They were believed to be scavengers who made primitive tools and were incapable of language or symbolic thought.”Now, he says, researchers believe that Neanderthals “were highly intelligent, able to adapt to a wide variety of ecologicalzones, and capable of developing highly functional tools to help them do so. They were quite accomplished.”
新旧对比型内容,教学过程中提醒学生注重时间标志词,从而快速预测下文内容,提升阅读的效率。
教学关注点2:不同对象比较(常见考点)。
对应考题:13题-尼安德特人与现代人之间的比较(“The passage identifies the closest similarities between Neanderthals and modern humans in which two anatomical features?”)。
对应原文:
Though the fossil evidence is not definitive, Neanderthals appear to have descended from an earlier human species, Homo erectus, between 500,000 to 300,000 years ago. Neanderthals shared many features with their ancestors—a prominent brow, weak chin, sloping skull and large nose—but were as big-brained as the anatomically modern humans that later colonized Europe, Homo sapiens. At the same time, Neanderthals were stocky, a build that would have conserved heat efficiently. From musculature marks on Neanderthal fossils and the heft of arm and leg bones, researchers conclude they were also incredibly strong. Yet their hands were remarkably like those of modern humans; a study published this past March in Nature shows that Neanderthals, contrary to previous thinking, could touch index finger and thumb, which would have given them considerable dexterity.
在阅读中通过共性比较的标示性词汇,快速确认出现了常见的共性比较的考点,从而有意识地强化记忆该部分信息,保证之后做题时的准确性。
仅仅讲授这样一篇文章,对于学生的相关训练显然是不够的。在《新科学家》杂志中(以新简称《新》),作者找到了一篇相关的主题内容,也是讲尼安德特人灭绝原因分析。请见下图:
针对这个内容,学生不太熟悉,为提升学生对于同一题材的熟悉程度、积累相关主题常见词汇并熟悉此类文章常见写作模式和结构,这篇文章很适合入选为扩展性阅读材料。
《新》上的这篇文章提到通过狼与草原粮(coyote)之间的关系,类比性地分析了人与尼安德特人之间的关系。这样的原理性类比就阅读和理解难度而言是比ACT考试中涉及的单纯、直接的比较关系相对更加难理解,教师在授课过程中就要根据学员情况和阶段性目标选择性讲解了。
第6、7两段:
A model for understanding how one invasive predator might outcompete a similar rival comes from the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park in the US. Though wolves were integral to that ecosystem for millennia, they were wiped out there by settlers by about 1920. The effects of removing the wolf were striking. Coyotes formed larger, more wolf-like packs, while elk populations soared, changing the vegetation close to rivers by eating young trees and shrubs. Pronghorn antelope populations dropped as more coyotes preyed on their offspring; beavers disappeared from the park and songbirds declined in number.
Reintroducing just 31 wolves in the mid-1950s transformed the ecosystem again. Wolves targeted their closest competitor, killing coyotes in confrontations over carcasses and consuming enough prey to hinder their survival. Coyotes avoided areas favoured by wolves and shifted to smaller prey. Coyote packs fragmented and their overall population declined sharply. More pronghorns survived; elk herds diminished; and riverine vegetation came back, encouraging the return of beavers and songbirds.
在限时阅读的要求下,有一个难点是这里涉及到了不少学生们平时可能不大会接触到的动物名称,相比较于北美的考生而言,这里就有可能出现生词、背景知识造成的快速理解的障碍。(涉及动物:wolves, coyotes(草原狼,比wolves体型小), elk(麋鹿), pronghorn antelope(叉角羚羊), beavers(河狸), songbirds(鸣禽))这里其实教师可以要求学生在限时阅读后,凭记忆画出各种动物之间的关系,以及在引入狼前后这里生态的状态和变化。这种科学原理的理解能力,以及多对象关系的识别、记忆能力也是ACT考试过程中需要训练的。在这样一篇主题相关的文章中就可以实现技能的扩展和延伸。
第8段:
In a similar way, Neanderthals bore the brunt of our invasive impact. They might have abandoned areas where their rivals were numerous, as coyotes did, but unlike them did not shift to different prey. Wolves dominate coyotes by sheer size and power. We humans dominated through our diverse hunting skills. One advantage is that we had projectile weapons, while Neanderthals had only handheld or muscle-powered weapons. Distance killing exposed us to far fewer risks and expended less energy. More food for less work meant more energy for reproduction. The second advantage is that, at about the time of the demise of the Neanderthals, we "invented" dogs.
这一段中出现了ACT考试中常常涉及到共性、差异比较,理解难度不大,可以作为学生巩固考点的训练,让学生以填表的方式完成共性、差异比较任务。
从全文结构复杂程度而言,《新》上的这篇文章长度明显较长、结构也比考试中的要更加复杂。从语言的难度而言也更加具有挑战性。本文毕竟是一篇小文章,作者在这里就不展开分析杂志全文了,有兴趣的老师可以找到这篇文章来好好研究一下。
《新》上的这篇文章给授课教师提出了挑战,选择、处理不当可能会在讲授中不知不觉偏离本堂课授课重点。当然,如果处理得好,这样一篇题材相关、层次更丰富的文章也是一个宝库,让授课教师根据学生水平及授课目标有选择性、有弹性地选取相关内容,以合适的题目引导学生阅读并练习、思考。
最后,作者也在这里再次强调课外阅读的重要性!根据实际的教学经验,真正在ACT中取得阅读高分的,绝大多数还是阅读量相对较大的,然后再辅以题目练习与技巧学习。抛开大强度、难度适宜的课外材料阅读,单纯刷题的学生,一般会在后半段明显感觉后劲不足或者干着急却无所适从。希望这篇小文章能对从事SAT/ACT教学的同行,以及备考考生有所帮助。
作者介绍:
北京新东方优秀教师,
集团优秀教师,
武汉新东方超级战队长,
华师一国际部ACT唯一官方指定教学战队,
武汉学校认证培训师,
集团新赛达教材编写组核心编写者,
集团新赛达第一阶段赛课阅读组全国第二名
中国首批美国各州共同标准CCSS官方认证(对应新SAT和ACT考试)
更多精彩:
新东方SAT/ACT骨干教师“精进计划”Workshop培训心得分享
新东方SAT/ACT骨干教师“精进计划”Workshop培训心得
SAT/ACT“支架”阅读策略浅析——新东方SAT/ACT Workshop
SAT/ACT骨干教师培训—Relevance与SAT/ACT教学
(责任编辑:马荟)