一. 新SAT写作"新"在何处?
在新SAT的所有科目中,写作部分的变化最为巨大。不论是从考试时间,考试形式还是考试内容上,都发生了颠覆性的改变。College Board在2015年7月发布的新SAT官方指南中对于这些具体变化的描述如下表所示:
Feature |
Original SAT Essay |
New SAT Essay |
Required |
Optional |
|
Position within the SAT test |
Beginning |
At the end of the test |
Test Length |
25 minutes |
50 minutes |
Number of prompts and responses |
1 each |
1 each |
Nature of prompt |
Take a position on an issue |
Analyze an argument |
Prompt varies? |
Yes |
No |
Reading included |
Brief (80-100 words) |
Extended (650-750 words) |
Support to be used |
Reasoning and examples taken from students’ own reading, studies, experiences, or observations |
Reasoning and textual evidence from the included reading |
Scores |
Holistic 2-12 |
Not combined 2-8 each |
这些改变中,需要我们注意的主要有以下三个方面:
1. 考试内容:
考生阅读一篇议论性文章(650-750字),针对文章内容,作者的论证和写作手法,写出一篇相应的评论性文章。新SAT作文的本质是写出一篇analytical essay。
2. 考试时间:
作文在新SAT考试的最后一部分,考生在50分钟内阅读并写出一篇analytical essay。考生应合理分配考试时间,15分钟左右阅读,5分钟左右做出文章纲要,30分钟左右集中写作。根据经验,写作文章长度宜在400到700字之间。
3. 考试分数:新SAT作文的分数独立,不再与文法部分挂钩。考生的分数将以满分8/8/8的形式呈现,其中第一项8为考生对文章的理解,即阅读分数,第二项8为对文章的分析分数,第三项8为考生的写作技巧分数。
由此可见,新SAT对于同学们的阅读能力和分析能力考察的注重是前所未有的。而这两项能力的培养需要较长时间。同学们在平时的学习中应做到多读书,多看报,多动脑,多分析,养成做笔记的良好习惯。
二.备考阶段应读些什么文章?
新SAT作文题目的文章主要具备以下特点:议论性文章,有明确的主题,丰富的论据支持,以及多种论证手法。
现有的官方真题以及其来源是:
1. Paul Bogard, "Let There Be Dark." ?2012 by Los Angeles Times. Originally published December 21, 2012. 《洛杉矶时报》
2. Dana Gioia, "Why Literature Matters." ?2005 by The New York Times Company. Originally published April 10, 2005. 《纽约时报》
3. Adam B. Summers, "Bag Ban Bad for Freedom and Environment." ?2013 by The San Diego Union-Tribune, LLC. Originally published June 13, 2013. 《圣迭戈联合论坛》
4. Peter S. Goodman, "Foreign News at a Crisis Point." ?2013 by TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Originally published September 25, 2013. Peter Goodman is the executive business and global news editor at TheHuffingtonPost.com. 《赫芬顿邮报》
5. Former US President Jimmy Carter, Foreword to Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land, A Photographic Journey by Subhankar Banerjee. ?2003 by Subhankar Banerjee.(演讲)
6. Martin Luther King Jr., "Beyond Vietnam-A Time to Break Silence." The speech was delivered at Riverside Church in New York City on April 4, 1967.(演讲)
7. Eliana Dockterman, "The Digital Parent Trap." ?2013 by Time Inc. Originally published August 19, 2013. 《时代》
要为新SAT写作积累经验,首先应阅读相关文献资料。美国主流媒体多数有评论性文章专门版面,同学们可挑选感兴趣的话题阅读。阅读时应兼顾广泛的涉猎范围,考试题目的文章内容主要出自以下三个领域:
1. Natural science, such as chemistry and cosmology;
2. Social science, such as law and politics;
3. Humanity, such as literature.
三.新SAT写作的难度
学习过 AP Literature和AP Language的同学们对于analytical essay这一文体并不陌生。新SAT作文由于涉及到大量的阅读与分析工作,更加注重综合全面地考察学生的理解、分析和处理信息的多元能力,从这一角度讲,新SAT写作对于考生的能力考察更加全面和综合。
但是,同学们不需要担心作文的难度问题,只要做到科学读书,充分准备,作文部分的备考难度并没有明显增加。北京新东方学校新SAT课程中,同学们在课堂上进行了大量的练习和模考。从同学们的表现中可以看出,只要掌握正确的行文方法,养成科学的做题习惯,反复进行真题演练,达到官方要求的水平和程度并不难。
四. 如何得高分
新SAT写作的主要内容体现在阅读/分析/写作和论证/论据/写作手法两个维度,首先让我们来分析一道新SAT官方题目的PROMPT:
As you read the passage below, consider how Paul Bogard uses
. Evidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims.
. Reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence.
. Stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, to add power to the ideas expressed.
从题目要求中可以看出,新SAT写作的内容主要包括文章的三个方面:
1)论据,即支持主旨的事实或例证等;
2)论证方法,包括文章中说理部分;
3)文章风格和写作手法,如晓之以理,动之以情等手段。
这三方面内容为考生写作的主要元素,即加工作文的"原材料"。
如何处理这三方面内容,是作文的"加工步骤",我们可以从评分标准中看出端倪:
Domain |
Score Point |
Performance |
Reading |
4 |
Advanced: -The response demonstrates thorough comprehension of the source text. -The response shows an understanding of the text’s central idea(s) and of most important details and how they interrelate, demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of the text. -The response is free of errors of fact or interpretation with regard to the text. -The response makes skillful use of textural evidence (quotations, paraphrases, or both), demonstrating a complete understanding of the source text. |
Analysis |
4 |
Advanced: -The response offers an insightful analysis of the source text and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the analytical task. - The response offers a thorough, well-considered evaluation of the author’s use of evidence, reasoning, and/or stylistic and persuasive elements, and/or feature(s) of the student’s own choosing. -The response contains relevant, sufficient, and strategically chosen support for claim(s) or point(s) made. - The response focuses consistently on those features of the text that are most relevant to addressing the task. |
Writing |
4 |
Advanced: -The response is cohesive and demonstrates a highly effective use and command of language. -The response includes a precise central claim. -The response includes a skillful introduction and conclusion. The response demonstrates a deliberate and highly effective progression of ideas both within paragraphs and throughout the essay. -The response has a wide variety in sentence structures. The response demonstrates a consistent use of precise word choice. The response maintains a formal style and objective tone. -The response shows a strong command of the conventions of standard written English and is free or virtually free of errors. |
以新SAT的满分作文评分标准来看,要得到真正的高分,必须在阅读文章,分析文章,和综合写作层面表现出优异的水准。阅读,分析,和写作这三个满分作文的"加工步骤",加上论据,论证与写作手法这三项基本的"原材料",就构成了新SAT写作中的一篇精彩文章。
五. 重点备考方向
从以往的课程经验来看,同学们在分析性文章的写作过程中,通过适当练习,可以比较完美地做到以下几个方面:
1. 概括文章的主要内容,识别关键信息。
2. 分析作者主要写作手法。
3. 进一步梳理作者的每一项写作手法和文章内容的主要贡献和影响。
同学们在新SAT写作中提分所面临最大困难,是真正做到分析深入,鞭辟入里。究其原因,主要有以下几个方面:
1. 没有养成良好的逻辑思维
不论是批判性阅读还是分析性写作,要得到高分的最重要的是培养清晰的逻辑思维,真正做到insightfully analysis。
2. 没有养成良好的阅读习惯
要养成良好的阅读习惯,要求同学们不但要涉猎广泛,还应做到边阅读边思考,站在作者的角度分析问题,知道文章的每一个写作手法的使用意图。
3. 不能对语言进行熟练的运用
新SAT作文对于写作满分的要求仍然是specific vocabulary,以及variety in sentence structure。要实现语言的丰富与灵活准确使用,要求同学们在平时的学习生活中多进行写作的训练,培养良好的写作习惯。
相比考试的其他环节,写作部分更加集中考察考生的综合能力。因此,考生的SAT作文分数对于大学申请有着十分重要的作用。虽然协作部分是新SAT考试中的选考部分,但美国排名TOP50的大学均重视申请生的写作能力。
通过以上对于新SAT写作部分的考试变化、考试要求以及备考策略的基本介绍,我们不难看出,新SAT写作要求同学们不但在平时的学习生活中养成良好的读书与读报习惯,还要积累科学有效的分析性写作技巧训练。
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