单从写作角度讲,SAT写作的论证方法,也就是常说的论据主要有以下几类:
一 例证法。(包括名人伟人、历史事件、文学作品、无名人物、亲身经历等)
二 引用法。(包括名人名言、引经据典、引用数据等)
三 类比法。
四 让步法。
五 假设法。
六 求异法。
毫无疑问,其中最常用的就是例证法,举例子支持自己的观点。但在官方给出的满分评分标准中明确有一条:……, using clearly appropriate examples, reasons, and other evidence to support its position. (使用清晰的合适的例子,理由及其他证据支持观点。)
因此如果考生对自己的要求比较高,希望拿到一个满分或接近满分的成绩,显然仅仅通过举例子这个方法是不够的,也请大家在上课的时候重视除了例证法之外的其他方法。
至于第二个问题,是否SAT写作一定要写两个例子,答案显然也是否定的。关于这点,我们可以参照官方指南第123页上的满分作文。题目是” Is there always another explanation or another point of view?”。 (是否总是有另一种解释或观点?)作者通过描述一个具体的历史事件1929年10月4日美国股市崩盘引出大萧条”The Great Depression”所带来的灾难性的影响,和由此所引发的罗斯福FDR改革新政对美国经济的巨大利处来证明 自己的观点”There is always a however.”(万事皆有但是。)整篇文章一气呵成,行文老练,丝丝入理,语言精妙建议各位考生仔细研读并学习。
其实除了具体而详细的例子之外,我们也可以用排比句将小而短的例子串起来,形成有气势的论证。比如官方指南第699页的题目:Can success be disastrous?(成功可以是灾难性的?)在满分范文中就有这样的一段论 证非常漂亮。
Throughout history, we have seen success used wrongfully in the hands of the unworthy. Powerful leaders of nations, kingdoms, and empires, having succeeded in gaining leadership, have then used their influence wrongfully in achieving their own selfish (and sometimes twisted) goals. Nero, the Roman emperor who beat his pregnant wife to death and has been suspected of instigating the great fire of Rome in an attempt to boost his own political influence; Henry VIII of England, for whom women were beheaded for not bearing him a son, and who is rumored to have eaten eight chickens a night while English peasants starved; The notorious Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who carried out the Spanish Inquisition… The list is endless. Even in literature, we see the corruption and downfall of society and mankind as a whole as a result of the abuse of success in the possession of those who do not deserve it, as seen in William Shakespeare’s tragedy of King Lear. In the story, societal order is replaced with chaos when there is a power shift from Lear to his evil daughters, Regan and Goneril. This order only returns to a slight degree when virtue (in the form of Lear’s good daughter, Cordelia) returns to England. Success is hazardous when awarded to the unvirtuous.
(纵观历史,可见不肖之徒妄用手中的成功。那些强大的帝王领袖成功获取了领导权,又妄用其影响力以实现自己自私的(有时是变态的)目的。罗马皇帝尼禄(Nero)将怀孕的妻子鞭打致死,有人怀疑,他曾为了擢升自 己的政治影响力而点燃罗马大火;英国国王亨利八世(Henry VIII of England)因为女人没能为他生下王子而将其送上断头台,据传,在英国农民忍饥挨饿的时候,他却能一晚上吃掉8只鸡;还有西班牙臭名昭着的费迪南德和伊 莎贝拉(Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain),他们在西班牙设立起进行异端审判的宗教法庭。名单无穷无尽。即使在文学作品里,我们也能看见因为本不配得到成功的人滥用成功而对整个社会和人类造成的腐败和衰落,正如 我们在威廉·莎士比亚的悲剧《李尔王》(King Lear)中所见的那样。故事中,当李尔王将权力移交给邪恶的女儿瑞根和高纳里尔后,混乱取代了社会秩序,只有当美德(以李尔王的好女儿考蒂利亚伟化身)回归英国之后,秩序 才稍稍恢复。当成功落入无德之人手中时,成功是危险的。)
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