1 .逗号-----请遵循以下 4 大规则：
1). 用逗号分开系列成分。如果有 2 个以上相同成分，则应用逗号分开;例如：
My recipe for buttermilk biscuits contains flour, soda and buttermilk.
2). 使用逗号来分开插入从句和短语;例如：
Gordon, who is a writer by profession, bakes an excellent cheesecake.
3). 在引导性分词或介词短语后使用逗号;例如：
After the banquet, Harold and Martha went dancing.
4). 利用逗号来分开连词连接的独立从句。例如：
Susan’s old car has been belching blue smoke from the tailpipe for two weeks, but it has not broken down yet.
2 .分号-----请遵循以下 2 大规则：
1). 使用分号而不是并列连词来连接两个含义紧密的独立从句;例如：
Whooping cranes are an endangered species; they are unlikely to survive if we continue to pollute.
2). therefore 、 nevertheless 和 moreover 等词连接的独立从句可用分号隔开。例如：
The staff meeting has been postponed until next Thursday; therefore, I will be unable to get approval for my project until then.
3 .冒号-----请遵循以下 3 大规则：
1). 在正式的写作中，冒号的作用仅在于表明其后是对前面所述内容的详细说明、定义、解释或过去发生事情的概述。冒号之前一般是独立从句，并且通常情况下有 as follows 、 the following 、 namely 或 like 等提示短语。例如：
正确： Your instructions are as follows: read the passage carefully, answer the questions on the last page, and turn over your answer sheet.
2). 动词和直接宾语间不要放冒号。例如：
错误： I want: a slice of pizza and a small green salad.
正确： This is what I want: A slice of pizza and a small green salad.
3). 如果前后两句话有如上所述的紧密关系，即使没有上述表示这层关系的短语，也可使用冒号，并且在这种情况下，句号也可用。例如：
正确： We were aghast: The “charming country inn” that had been advertised in such glowing terms proved to be a leaking cabin full of mosquitoes.
4 .连字符号和破折号-----请遵循以下 7 大规则：
1). 行末单词分开时使用连字符号。例如：
正确： In this incredible canvas, the artist used only monochromatic elements.
2). 表示 21-99 这些数字和用作形容词的分数时，使用连字符号。
错误： A two thirds vote was necessary to carry the measure.
正确： A two-thirds vote was necessary to carry the measure.
3). 由前缀 ex 、 all 、 self 、 semi 或后缀 elect 构成的词语，前缀或后缀和主体之间应有连字符号。
错误： The president elect was invited to chair the meeting.
正确： The president-elect was invited to chair the meeting.
4). 如果把复合形容词放在所修饰词语的前面，则该形容词各部分应由连字符号分开。
正确： The no-holds-barred argument continued into the night.
5). 专有名词或形容词前添加前缀，两部分应由连字符号隔开。例如：
错误： His pro African sentiments were heartily applauded.
正确： His pro-African sentiments were heartily applauded.
6). 如果复合构词法构成的词语容易与其他词语混淆，或者导致元音字母相邻，则应用连字符号隔开。例如：
错误： Most buildings in the ghost town are recreations of the original structures.
正确： Most buildings in the ghost town are re-creations of the original structures.
错误： She took an antiinflammatory drug for her sports injury.
正确： She took an anti-inflammatory drug for her sports injury.
7). 用破折号表明思路的突然变化。
正确： To get a high score—and who doesn’t want to get a high score—you need to devote yourself to prolonged and concentrated study.
5 .撇号-----请遵循以下 3 大规则：
1). 表明动词缩写，但是在作文开始中应尽量避免缩写。
2). 表明名词所有格。
3). 代词都另有单词表示其所有格，比较特殊的是中性词 one ，其所有格为 one 加上撇号和 s 。
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