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21. Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients' misconduct stemmed from a reaction to
something ingested, but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy, the perpetrators
are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.
(A) in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy
(B) if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food
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(C) in attributing behavior that is criminal or delinquent to an allergy to some food
(D) if some food allergy is attributed as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior
(E) in attributing a food allergy as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior
22. The voluminous personal papers of Thomas Alva Edison reveal that his inventions typically sprang to life
not in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous works.
(A) (A) sprang to life not in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly
(B) sprang to life not in a flash of inspiration but were slowly evolved
(C) did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly
(D) did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but had slowly evolved
(E) did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but they were slowly evolved
23. A Labor Department study states that the numbers of women employed outside the home grew by more
than a thirty-five percent increase in the past decade and accounted for more than sixty-two percent of the
total growth in the civilian work force.
(A) numbers of women employed outside the home grew by more than a thirty-five percent increase
(B) numbers of women employed outside the home grew more than thirty-five percent
(C) numbers of women employed outside the home were raised by more than thirty-five percent
(D) number of women employed outside the home increased by more than thirty-five percent
(E) number of women employed outside the home was raised by more than a thirty-five percent increase
24. The first decision for most tenants living in a building undergoing being converted to cooperative ownership
is if to sign a no-buy pledge with the other tenants.
(A) being converted to cooperative ownership is if to sign
(B) being converted to cooperative ownership is whether they should be signing
(C) being converted to cooperative ownership is whether or not they sign
(D) conversion to cooperative ownership is if to sign
(E) conversion to cooperative ownership is whether to sign
25. The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with individual bulls and
cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and excited enormous interest whenever they were
put on show.
(A) excited
(B) it excited
(C) exciting
(D) would excite
(E) it had excited
26. Of all the possible disasters that threaten American agriculture, the possibility of an adverse change in
climate is maybe the more difficult for analysis.
(A) is maybe the more difficult for analysis
(B) is probably the most difficult to analyze
(C) is maybe the most difficult for analysis
(D) is probably the more difficult to analyze
(E) is, it may be, the analysis that is most difficult
27. Published in Harlem, the owner and editor of the Messenger were two young journalists. Chandler Owen j
and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader.
(A) Published in Harlem, the owner and editor of the Messenger were two young journalists. Chandler
Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader.
(B) Published in Harlem, two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later
make his reputation as a labor leader, were the owner and editor of the Messenger.
(C) Published in Harlem, the Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, A. Philip
Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and Chandler Owen.
(D) The Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists. Chandler Owen and A. Philip
Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and published in Harlem.
(E) The owner and editor being two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would
later make his reputation as a labor leader, the Messenger was published in Harlem.
28. The rise in the Commerce Department's index of leading economic indicators suggest that the economy
should continue its expansion into the coming months. but that the mixed performance of the index's individual
components indicates that economic growth will proceed at a more moderate pace than in the first
quarter of this year.
(A) suggest that the economy should continue its expansion into the coming months, but that
(B) suggest that the economy is to continue expansion in the coming months, but
(C) suggests that the economy will continue its expanding in the coming months, but that
(D) suggests that the economy is continuing to expand into the coming months, but that
(E) suggests that the economy will continue to expand in the coming months, but
29. In three centuries--from 1050 to 1350--several million tons of stone were quarried in France for the building
of eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and some tens of thousands of parish churches.
(A) for the building of eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and some
(B) in order that they might build eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and some
(C) so as they might build eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and some
(D) so that there could be built eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and
(E) such that they could build eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and
30. What was as remarkable as the development of the compact disc has been the use of the new technology to
revitalize, in better sound than was ever before possible, some of the classic recorded performances of the
pre-LP era.
(A) What was as remarkable as the development of the compact disc
(B) The thing that was as remarkable as developing the compact disc
(C) No less remarkable than the development of the compact disc
(D) Developing the compact disc has been none the less remarkable than
(E) Development of the compact disc has been no less remarkable as
Answer to Question 21
In choices A, C, and E, in attributing ... behavior modifies the perpetrators, producing the illogical statement
that the perpetrators rather than the defense attorneys are attributing behavior to food allergies. Choice C is also
wordy, and attributing ... as is unidiomatic in E. In the correct form of the expression, one attributes x, an effect,
to y, a cause; or, if a passive construction is used, x is attributed to y. D avoids the initial modification error by
using a passive construction (in which the attributors are not identified), but attributed x as the cause of y is
unidiomatic. Choice B is best.
Answer to Question 22
C, the best choice, places not and but in such a way that the distinction between springing to life in a flash of
inspiration and evolving slowly is logically and idiomatically expressed. A and B are faulty because, for
grammatical parallelism, not in a flash... must be followed by but in..., not by a conjugated form of the verb.
Moreover, were slowly evolved is incorrect in B because evolve, in this sense of the word, cannot be made
passive. Choices C, D, and E all correctly place not before spring. D, however, contains inconsistent verb
tenses; E contains the faulty passive and an intrusive they.
Answer to Question 23
Because a count of women employed outside the home at any given time will be expressed by a single number,
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the use of the plural noun numbers in choices A, B, and C is illogical. In A, the phrase grew by more than a
thirty-five percent increase is redundant and wordy, since the sense of increase is implicit in the verb grew. In
C and E, the passive verb forms were raised and was raised are inappropriate because there is no identifiable
agent responsible for the raising of the number of women employed. In choice E, was raised by ... increase is
redundant. Choice D, which presents the comparison logically and idiomatically, is the best answer.
Answer to Question 24
In A, B, and C, the phrase being converted is awkward and redundant, since the sense of process indicated by
being has already been conveyed by undergoing. A and D can be faulted for saying if rather than whether,
since the sentence poses alternative possibilities, to sign or not to sign. Only E, the best choice, idiomatically
completes whether with an infinitive, to sign, that functions as a noun equivalent of decision. Choice E also
uses the noun conversion, which grammatically completes the phrase begun by undergoing.
Answer to Question 25
Choice C is best. The third verb phrase in the series describing bulls and cows should have the same
grammatical form as the first two. Only choice C has a present participle (or "-ing" form) that is parallel with the
two preceding verbs, receiving and fetching. Instead of the present participle, choices A and B use the past
tense (excited), choice D uses an auxiliary verb (would excite), and choice E uses the past perfect tense (had
excited). Additionally, the incorrect verb tenses in B and E are introduced by a pronoun, it, that lacks a logical
noun referent.
Answer to Question 26
Choice B is the best answer. The sentence compares one thing, an adverse change in climate, to all other
things in its class-- that is, to all the possible disasters that threaten American agriculture, therefore, the
sentence requires the superlative form of the adjective, most difficult, rather than the comparative form, more
difficult, which appears in choices A and D. In A and C, the use of maybe is unidiomatic, and difficult should be
completed by the infinitive to analyze. Choice E is awkwardly phrased and, when inserted into the sentence,
produces an illogical structure: the possibility ... is... the analysis that.
Answer to Question 27
Choices A and B present dangling modifiers that illogically suggest that Owen and Randolph, rather than the
Messenger, were published in Harlem. In D, the phrase and published in Harlem is too remote from the
Messenger to modify it effectively. In E, being produces an awkward construction, and the placement of the
main clause at the end of the sentence is confusing. Only in C, the best answer, is Published in Harlem
followed immediately by the Messenger. Also, C makes it clear that the clause beginning who refers to
Randolph.
Answer to Question 28
In choices A and B, the verb suggest does not agree with its singular subject, rise. In context, the phrase into
the coming months in A and D is not idiomatic; in the coming months is preferable. In A, C, and D, the that
appearing after but creates a subordinate clause where an independent clause is needed for the new subject,
mixed performance. Choice E includes the correct verb form, suggests, eliminates that, and properly employs
the future tense, will continue to expand. That this tense is called for is indicated both by the future time to
which the coming months refers and by the parallel verb form will proceed in the nonunderlined part of the
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sentence. Choice E is best.
Answer to Question 29
Choice A is best. The other choices are unidiomatic or unnecessarily wordy, and the pronoun they, which
appears in B, C, and E, has no grammatical referent.
Answer to Question 30
Besides being wordy, the clauses beginning What was in A and The thing that was in B cause inconsistencies
in verb tense: the use of the new technology cannot logically be described by both the present perfect has
been and the past was. In B and D, developing the compact disc is not parallel to the use of new
technology to revitalize ... performances; in C, the best answer, the noun development is parallel to use.
The phrases none the less ... than in D and no less... as in E are unidiomatic; the correct form of expression,
no less ... than, appears in C, the best choice.
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