2015年3月24日PSAT完整样题阅读部分第四篇文章解析
第四篇文章 29-37题
Question 29.
Which choice best describes the structure of the first paragraph?
A. A personal history is narrated, historical examples are given, and a method is recommended.
B. A position is stated, historical context is given, and earnest advice is given.
C. Certain principles are stated, opposing principles are stated, and a consensus is reached.
D. A historical period is described, and its attributes are reviewed.
题目解析：
难度：中等
内容：修辞/分析文章结构
最佳答案：B
选项B是最佳答案。在第一段，AC这个人陈述自己观点，认为社会上出现的改变是“not to be deplored, but welcomed as highly beneficial” (12-13行). 在提供了穷富关系的历史背景后，C在第一段总结并给与证据: “It is a waste of time to criticize the inevitable” (27-28行).
选项A不对，因为第一段强调的是整体人类当前的现实情况—“conditions of human life” (4-5行)—而不是任何个人的历史。选项C不对，因为第一段描述的是作者个人的想法和结论，而不是达成共识的结论。选项D不对，因为第一段更关注 “our age” (第1行) 而不是过去。
对应CCSS标准：
Craft and Structure
5. Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole.
对应新SAT标准：
Analyzing text structure
Questions focus on the overall structure of a text and on the relationship between a particular part of a text and the whole text.
Question 30.
The author most strongly implies which of the following about “the ties of brotherhood”?
A. They were always largely fictitious and are more so at present.
B. They are stronger at present than they ever were before.
C. They are more seriously strained in the present than in the past.
D. They will no longer be able to bring together the rich and the poor.
题目解析：
难度：困难
内容：信息和想法/精读能力
最佳答案：C
选项C是最佳答案。C在1-4行提出他那个年代的一个大问题就是如何分配财富，才能 “the ties of brotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship.” (理解：穷富和谐，兄弟齐心)换句话说，他担心穷富之间的“ties of brotherhood” (理解：兄弟情义)会不如以前那样强了。
选项A不对，因为C俺是现代社会的改变负面的影响了穷富的关系，但是他并没有说这样的关系从未出现过。选项B不对，因为文章暗示的“the ties of brotherhood”比之前更弱了。选项D不对，因为C说这些纽带在继续，而且“may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship.”(理解：还会继续让穷富和谐在一起)
对应CCSS标准：
3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, or ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.
对应新SAT标准：
Reading closely
These question focus on the explicit and implicit meaning of text and on extrapolating beyond the information and ideas in a text.
Question 31.
The author uses “dwelling, dress, food, and environment” as examples of
A. things more valued in the present than in the past.
B. bare necessities of life.
C. things to which all people are entitled.
D. possible indications of differences in status.
题目解析：
难度：中等
内容：修辞/分析文章结构
最佳答案：D
选项D是最佳答案。C解释穷富对比比过去更大: “In former days there was little difference between the dwelling, dress, food, and environment of the chief and those of his retainers…” (lines 6-9). C使用 “dwelling, dress, food, and environment”的例子用来表示穷富地位的区别。
选项A不对，因为C并没有说基础需求，如食物和房屋，就比过去更有价值。选项B不对，因为虽然这些生活的方面是必须需求，但是他们被使用的目的是说明地位区分很明显。选项C不对，因为C病不是使用这些例子来说 “dwelling, dress, food, and environment” 是所有人都有的东西。
对应CCSS标准：
Craft and Structure
5. Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole.
对应新SAT标准：
Analyzing text structure
Questions focus on the overall structure of a text and on the relationship between a particular part of a text and the whole text.
Question 32.
The author describes the people who live in the “houses of some” as interested in the
A. materials from which their houses are constructed.
B. size of their homes.
C. advantages of culture.
D. pedigree of their guests.
难度：中等
内容：信息和想法/精读能力
最佳答案：C
选项C是最佳答案。在14-18行，C说 “essential, for the progress of the race that the houses of some should be homes for all that is highest and best in literature and the arts, and for all the refinements of civilization, rather than that none should be so.” C想表达的是“houses of some”住的应该是关心文化的人，或者“highest and best in literature and the arts.”
选项A,B,D不对，因为14-18明确表明居住在“houses of some”的人很关心文化，而不是关心他们房子的材料，尺寸和宾客的等级。
对应CCSS标准：
3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, or ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.
对应新SAT标准：
Reading closely
These question focus on the explicit and implicit meaning of text and on extrapolating beyond the information and ideas in a text.
Question 33.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to question 32?
A. “the palace of the millionaire and the cottage of the laborer,”
B. “all that is highest and best in literature and the arts,”
C. “Much better this great irregularity than universal squalor,”
D. “Without wealth there can be no Maecenas,”
难度：困难
内容：信息和想法/引证能力
最佳答案：B
选项B是最佳答案。15-16行C倡导“house for some” 应该装着关心文化的人，比如“all that is highest and best in literature and the arts.”
选项A和C不对，因为9-10和18-19强调了穷富财富的差异，但是并没有具体提出居住在“houses of some”的人。 选项D不对，因为19-20行，C提出艺术的主顾存在是因为财富。
对应CCSS标准：
1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.
3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, or ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.
对应新SAT标准：
Reading closely
These question focus on the explicit and implicit meaning of text and on extrapolating beyond the information and ideas in a text.
Citing textual evidence
The student will cite the textual evidence that best supports a given claim or point.
Question 34.
The author uses the phrase “good old times” as an example of
A. a cliché that still has life and usefulness left in it.
B. a bit of folk wisdom from his childhood.
C. something said by those who have acquired great riches.
D. something said by people who do not share his viewpoint.
难度：困难
内容：修辞/分析词汇选择
最佳答案：D
选项D是最佳答案。C使用“good old times”中的引号想要说明其他人将过去说成 “good old times.” 然而，C认为这些 “‘good old times’ were not good old times. Neither master nor servant was as well situated then as to-day” (lines 20-22), 这也就俺是了C并不相信过去更好。
选项A不对，因为C立刻反对了这个词语的有效性。选项B不对，因为文章并没有提出来自C儿时这样的证据。选项C不对，因为没有证据说明“good old times”这个词语是富人用的。
对应CCSS标准：
4. Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone.
对应新SAT标准：
Interpreting words and phrases in context
The student will determine the meaning of words and phrases in context.
Question 35.
What is the author’s main point about the disadvantages of the modern economic system?
A. It provides only a few people with the advantages of culture.
B. It replicates many of the problems experienced in the past.
C. It creates divisions between different categories of people.
D. It gives certain people great material advantages over others.
难度：中等
内容：信息和想法/判断中心思想和主题
最佳答案：C
选项C是最佳答案。47-60行解释了C的时间标准已经大大的提升了，而且这种提升的代价就是 “All intercourse between [rich and poor] is at an end. Rigid castes are formed . . .” (lines 65-66). 现代经济系统的一个不好的地方，换句话说，就是阶级区分。
选项A不对，因为C说了有人能够走向高级文化是必要的。选项B不对，因为C认为 “conditions of human life have not only been changed, but revolutionized, within the past few hundred years” (lines 4-6) 而且并没有表示现代经济系统复制了过去的问题。选项D不对，因为C写到 “Much better this great irregularity than universal squalor” (lines 18-19).
对应CCSS标准：
2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas.
3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, or ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.
对应新SAT标准：
Determining central ideas and themes
The student will identify explicitly stated central ideas or themes in text and determine implicit central ideas or themes from text.
Reading closely
These question focus on the explicit and implicit meaning of text and on extrapolating beyond the information and ideas in a text.
Question 36.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to question 35?
A. “The master and his apprentices worked side by side, the latter living with the master, and therefore subject to the same conditions,”
B. “There was, substantially, social equality, and even political equality, for those engaged in industrial pursuits had then little or no voice in the State,”
C. “The inevitable result of such a mode of manufacture was crude articles at high prices,”
D. “All intercourse between them is at an end,”
难度：困难
内容：信息和想法/引证能力
最佳答案：D
选项 D 是最佳答案。47-60解释了 C 的时间标准已经大大的提升了，在61-62行揭示了这些是有代价的: “The price we pay for this salutary change is, no doubt,
great.” 65-66 行解释了这些代价就是“All intercourse between [rich and poor] is at an end.” 现代经济系统的一个不好的地方，换句话说，就是阶级区分。
选项A,B,C不对，因为它们并没有提供C相信这些事现代经济系统不好之处的证据。选项A,B不对，是因为37-39，43-45行揭示了生活“之前“的样子。选项C不对，是因为46-47行也描述了之前的生活情况。
对应CCSS标准：
1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.
3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, or ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.
对应新SAT标准：
Reading closely
These question focus on the explicit and implicit meaning of text and on extrapolating beyond the information and ideas in a text.
Citing textual evidence
The student will cite the textual evidence that best supports a given claim or point.
Question 37.
As used in sentence 1 of paragraph 5, “in its train” is closest in meaning to
A. before it.
B. with it.
C. anticipating it.
D. advancing it.
难度：中等
内容：信息和想法/分析语境中的词语和短语
最佳答案：B
选项B是最佳答案。在最后一段,C写到 “law of competition” (lines 76-77), 揭示了法律是有代价的，并且提供了每一个相关人员改善的生活条件。说这些条件是
“in the train” 随着法律的火车到来，以为了他们伴随着法律而来。
选项A,C,D不对，因为在这个语境中， “in its train”并不意味着在法律之前，预测了法律到来，或帮助法律来到。
对应CCSS标准：
4. Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone.
对应新SAT标准：
Interpreting words and phrases in context
The student will determine the meaning of words and phrases in context.
(编辑：Joe)
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