2015年3月24日PSAT完整样题阅读部分第三篇文章解析
第三篇文章 20-28题
Question 20.
The passage is written from the perspective of someone who is
A. actively involved in conducting hibernator research.
B. a participant in a recent debate in the field of cardiology.
C. knowledgeable about advances in hibernator research.
D. an advocate for wildlife preservation.
题目解析：
难度：难
内容：修辞(Rhetoric)作者视角(point of view)
最佳答案：C
通篇文章都是在讲对于冬眠的研究，故可迅速排除B(不是在研究心脏)，D(保护野生动物)，本题易错选A，虽然作者对冬眠的研究很了解，但并不意味着他自己有参与研究，特别是在32行，Fröbert and his colleagues，明确说是别人做的研究，故A选项不妥。我们只能说作者对冬眠的研究内容非常了解。
对应新CCSS标准：
Craft and Structure
6. Determine an author’s point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance that point of view or purpose.
对应新SAT标准：
Analyzing point of view
The student will determine the point of view or perspective from which a text is related or the influence this point of view or perspective has on content and style.
Question 21.
It is reasonable to conclude that the main goal of the scientists conducting the research described in the passage is to
A. learn how the hibernation patterns of bears and squirrels differ.
B. determine the role that fat plays in hibernation.
C. illustrate the important health benefits of exercise for humans.
D. explore possible ways to prevent human diseases.
题目解析：
难度：中等
内容：信息提取(information and idea)精读(close reading)
最佳答案：D
文章第一段就讲到研究冬眠的目的是为了“offer solution for problem such as heart disease…”(line3)，最后一段也有说Fröbert希望用研究冬眠去“stave off hardened arteries in humans as well” (lines 76-77)。故此题选D。A选项错在作者只是提了一下松鼠来帮忙论证而非特意用来和熊作对比。B选项错在文章讲脂肪只是一个分论点而非主要研究目的。C选项错在文章只提了熊的问题，没有说人。
对应新CCSS标准：
Key ideas and Details
2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.
对应新SAT标准：
Reading closely
The student will identify information and ideas explicitly stated in text.
Question 22.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?
A. Lines 1-5 (“Understanding . . . dystrophy”)
B. Lines 10-13 (“Fat . . . squirrels”)
C. Lines 31-35 (“To . . . bears”)
D. Lines 42-46 (“Once . . . tissues”)
题目解析：
难度：中等
内容：信息提取(information and idea)引用证据(Citing textual evidence)
最佳答案：A
分析和上一题相同，文章的第一段和最后一段都可以作为证据，故对应答案只有A。B选项只是研究的一部分——脂肪，C选项和D选项也只是讲研究的一个领域，而不是整片文章的目的。
对应新CCSS标准：
Key ideas and Details
2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.
1. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
对应新SAT标准：
Information and Idea
The student will identify information and ideas explicitly stated in text.
Citing textual evidence
The student will cite the textual evidence that best supports a given claim or point.
Question 23.
What main effect do the quotations by Andrews in lines 10-18 have on the tone of the passage?
A. They create a bleak tone, focusing on the difficulties hibernators face during the winter.
B. They create a conversational tone, relating scientific information in everyday language.
C. They create an ominous tone, foreshadowing the dire results of Andrews’s research.
D. They create an absurd tone, using images of animals acting as if they were human.
题目解析：
难度：中等
内容：修辞手法(rhetoric) 词的选择(word choice)
最佳答案：B
关注作者对语言的选择 ” Fat is where it’s at” 以及 “You bring your own lunch with you”作者用一种口语化的语言来表述一个相对复杂问题，使内容更加容易被理解。其他选项中的bleak, ominous, absurd都是错误的。
对应新CCSS标准：
Craft and Structure
4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meaning; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone.
对应新SAT标准：
Analyzing word choice
The student will determine how the selection of specific words and phrases or the use of patterns of words and phrases shapes meaning and tone in text.
Question 24.
As used in line 19, “stores” most nearly means
A. preservatives.
B. reserves.
C. stacks.
D. shelters.
题目解析：
难度：中等
内容：词在文中的含义(Interpreting words and phrases in context)
最佳答案：B
与现有词汇题有相似之处，一定要把词代回到文章中，通过上下文来理解。此题对应文章“bigger fat stores mean a greater chance of surviving until spring.”在文中的含义应翻译做储备。故可快速选出reserves. 其他几个选项错误preservative – 防腐，stack -堆叠,注意这里强调把东西叠在一起，而非储备，shelter – 名词作庇护所，动词作躲避。
对应新CCSS标准：
Craft and Structure
4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meaning; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone.
对应新SAT标准：
Interpreting words and phrases in context
The student will determine the meaning of words and phrases in context.
Question 25.
Based on the passage, what is Fröbert’s hypothesis regarding why bears’ arteries do not harden during hibernation?
A. The bears’ increased plasma cholesterol causes the arteries to be more flexible.
B. Sluggish circulation pinches off the blood vessels rather than hardening the arteries.
C. Bears exercise in short, infrequent bursts during hibernation, which staves off hardened arteries.
D. Bears possess a molecule that protects against hardened arteries.
题目解析：
难度：中等
内容：信息提取(information and idea)精读(close reading)
最佳答案：D
此类题目依然要求学生对文章细节有足够的了解：首先通过题目中Fröbert’s hypothesis以及why bears’ arteries do not harden during hibernation快速定位到最后一段结尾：“Fröbert hopes to find some protective molecule that could stave off hardened arteries in humans
as well” (lines 75-77) 作者直接给出答案来解释为何熊的脂肪含量过高以及运动量少不会影响其健康与分子(molecule)有关。A, B选项错误在于在lines 58-69 作者提到plasma cholesterol levels 以及sluggish circulation “are a recipe for hardened arteries” (lines 67-68).(会导致动脉硬化)，与答案相反。C选项错误在lines 63-64，作者明确说“get zero exercise during hibernation.”而不是”exercise in short, infrequent bursts during hibernation”
对应新CCSS标准：
Key ideas and Details
2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.
对应新SAT标准：
Reading closely
The student will identify information and ideas explicitly stated in text.
Question 26.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?
A. Lines 19-20 (“Bigger . . . spring”)
B. Lines 24-27 (“The brown . . . day”)
C. Lines 70-73 (“Even . . . streaks”)
D. Lines 74-77 (“It’s . . . well”)
题目解析：
难度：中等
内容：信息提取(information and idea)引用证据(Citing textual evidence)
最佳答案：D
上一题已给出相关证据的出现位置。A选项强调脂肪在冬眠过程中的重要性，B选项指出熊冬眠前吃的东西，C选项指出不运动的人会得动脉硬化，都与Fröbert’s hypothesis无关。
对应新CCSS标准：
Key ideas and Details
2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.
1.Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
对应新SAT标准：
Information and Idea
The student will identify information and ideas explicitly stated in text.
Citing textual evidence
The student will cite the textual evidence that best supports a given claim or point.
Question 27.
What information discussed in paragraph 10 (lines 58-69) is represented by the graph?
A. The information in lines 58-62 (“Recent . . . reported”)
B.The information in lines 62-64 (“These . . . hibernation”)
C.The information in lines 64-66 (“Lolling . . . circulation”)
D.The information in lines 67-69 (“It’s . . . strokes”)
题目解析：
难度：中等
内容：综合分析(Synthesis)图表题(Analyzing quantitative information)
最佳答案：A
虽然是新的题目类型，但难度并不大，把表格看懂即可。首先关注表格名称Total Plasma Cholesterol in Seven Bears，结合纵轴的单位可知纵轴为7只熊的血浆胆固醇含量;接下来看横轴，虽然横轴没有单位，但给了两个变量，一个是active，一个是hibernation，结合题目中所给出的行号，快速定位line58-62, “Recent analyses revealed that Scandinavian brown bears spend the summer with plasma cholesterol levels considered high for humans; those values then increase substantially for hibernation”只有此处可以对应表格中所给的单位及变量。
对应新CCSS标准：
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
7. Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums, determining which details are emphasized in each account.
对应新SAT标准：
Analyzing quantitative information
The student will analyze information presented quantitatively in such forms as graphs tables, and charts and/or relate that information to information presented in text.
Question 28.
Which statement about the effect of hibernation on the seven bears is best supported by the graph?
A. Only one of the bears did not experience an appreciable change in its total plasma cholesterol level.
B. Only one of the bears experienced a significant increase in its total plasma cholesterol level..
C. All of the bears achieved the desirable plasma cholesterol level for humans.
D. The bear with the lowest total plasma cholesterol level in its active state had the highest total plasma cholesterol level during hibernation.
题目解析：
难度：中等
内容：综合分析(Synthesis)图表题(Analyzing quantitative information)
最佳答案：A
上题的延续，继续对图标进行分析，active及hibernation两栏上分别有7个点，并分别由直线连接，故可推出这个表是用来表现熊在冬眠前后血浆胆固醇含量变化的。接下来将答案一一代回图表内。A选项：只有一只没有可观的变化。正是对应表中右侧第一点下面那条线：没有增加反而降低了。B选项：只有一只有很大的变化。表中有6只都有很大变化。C选项：所有的熊都达到了人类理想状态下的血浆胆固醇含量。注意表中的虚线，代表人类最高的血浆胆固醇含量，只有一只在非冬眠状态下达到了，其他都超过了。D选项：非冬眠状态下血浆胆固醇最低的熊在冬眠状态下有最高的血浆胆固醇含量。最低的那只熊就是C选项那只，显然它在冬眠时的血浆胆固醇含量不是最高的。
对应新CCSS标准：
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
7. Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums, determining which details are emphasized in each account.
对应新SAT标准：
Analyzing quantitative information
The student will analyze information presented quantitatively in such forms as graphs tables, and charts and/or relate that information to information presented in text.
(编辑：Joe)
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